Reference Publications

Here, please find customer developed peer-reviewed publications, other peer-reviewed publications and references used within our IFU’s as well as textbooks discussing the antibodies/ biomarkers utilized in our assays.

Don’t see what you’re looking for? Contact Us

Peer Reviewed Publications

Use of anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) immunostain for histologic evaluation of aggressive basal cell carcinomas during Mohs micrographic surgery

Int J Dermatol. 2024 Jan 18.  PMID: 38238815: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38238815/

Jace Rickstrew1, Brett Neill2, Christopher M. Wong3,4 Stanislav N. Tolkachjov5-9, corresponding author

  1. Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA

  2. Swann Dermatology Partners, Springfield, MO, USA

  3. Medical City Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA

  4. University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA,

  5. Epiphany Dermatology, Dallas, TX, USA,

  6. Texas A&M College of Medicine, Dallas, TX, USA,

  7. Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA

  8. Division of Dermatology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,

  9. Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

doi: 10.1111/ijd.17025, Online ahead of print.

Synopsis:

Infiltrative or sclerosing BCCs have intravascular, perineural, and/or periadnexal involvement. Using a monoclonal antibody to epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) can help surgeons more readily identify remaining tumor cells. EpCAM has previously been used for immunohistochemical (IHC) diagnosis of BCCs. When used in conjunction with the H&E-stained slide staining, EpCAM immunostaining allows for an overall easier assessment of the tumor with the added benefits of easier discrimination of malignant cells from nearby normal cells. EpCAM immunostaining allows for the easier visualization of perineural or perivascular invasion compared with H&E-staining. EpCAM also demonstrates superior staining when compared to the CK5 IHC for the evaluation of BCC tumors due to the lack of epithelial staining.

Melanoma Treated With Mohs Micrographic Surgery Using a Novel-Modified 15-Minute MART-1 Immunostain: Discussion of Technique and Experience

Nikoo Cheraghi1, Addison Demer2, Andrew Meister3, Peter Lee2,3

Author Information:

  1. Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic Health Systems, Mankato, Minnesota
  2. Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
  3. Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Clinic, St. Louis Park, Minnesota

PMID: 32483096:       https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32483096/

DOI: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000002435

 

Dermatol Surg. 2021 Apr 1;47(4):549-551.

https://journals.lww.com/dermatologicsurgery/citation/2021/04000/melanoma_treated_with_mohs_micrographic_surgery.32.aspx

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.dermatologicsurgery.org).

Synopsis:

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) with melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART-1) immunostain is increasingly used for the treatment of melanoma in situ (MIS) and invasive melanoma. Traditional frozen section MART-1 immunostains can take hours to perform, thereby limiting the number of melanoma MMS cases that can be managed per session. Occasionally some procedures can stretch over more than one day. Newer rapid MART-1 protocols have been developed but anecdotally are difficult to replicate reliably. We describe a novel 15-minute MART-1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) protocol that is easier to replicate.

The 15-minute MART-1 IHC protocol was validated as it stained normal melanocytes, sun-induced melanocytic hyperplasia, and malignant melanoma with acceptable concordance when compared with permanent sections stained with the standard MART-1 protocol; a pass grade was given for all slides stained with this protocol. Over 14 months, 155 melanomas were treated with this protocol with 111 MIS tumors. Of the 44 invasive melanomas, 42 (95%) had a Breslow depth of less than 1.0 mm. with 85% of the primary tumors being located on the head and neck region. Most melanomas, (64%) were excised in a single stage with the average number of stages required for tumor clearance being at 1.39.

“We are optimistic that our novel 15-minute MART-1 IHC protocol for MIS and invasive melanoma will assist in increasing the accessibility of MMS with MART-1 immunostaining as it is rapid, inexpensive, and easy to use.”

IHC General Publications

Useful Publications for all IHC Assays

  1. Kiernan JA. Histological and Histochemical Methods: Theory and Practice. New York: Pergamon Press 1981.
  2. Sheehan DC and Hrapchak BB. Theory and Practice of Histotechnology. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co. 1980.
  3. Nadji M, Morales AR. Immunoperoxidase, part I: the techniques and its pitfalls. Lab Med. 1983; 14:767-771.

AE1/AE3

  1. Woodcock-Mitchell J, Eichner R, et al. Immunolocalization of Keratin Polypeptides in Human Epidermis Using Monoclonal Antibodies. The Journal of Cell Biology. November 1982; 95:580-588.
  2. Weiss RA, Eichner R, et al. Monoclonal Antibody Analysis of Keratin Expression in Epidermal Diseases: A 48- and 56-kdalton Keratin as Molecular Markers for Hyperproliferative Keratinocytes. The Journal of Cell Biology. April 1984; 98:1397-1406.
  3. Moll R, Divo M, et al. The human keratins: biology and pathology. Histochem Cell Biol. 2008; 129:705–733.

Calponin

  1. Gusev NB. Some properties of caldesmon and calponin and the participation of these proteins in regulation of smooth muscle contraction and cytoskeleton formation. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2001 Oct; 66(10):1112-21.
  2. Douglas-Jones A et al. Observer variability in the histopathological reporting of core biopsies of papillary breast lesions is reduced by the use of immunohistochemistry for CK5/6, calponin and p63. Histopathology 2005, 47, 202-08.
  3. Abdallah DM and El Deeb NMF. Comparative Immunohistochemical Study of P63, SMA, CD10 and Calponin in Distinguishing In Situ from Invasive Breast Carcinoma. J Mol Biomark Diagn. 2017, 8(4), 1000342.
  4. Perez-Montiel MD et al. Differential Expression of Smooth Muscle Myosin, Smooth Muscle Actin, H-Caldesmon, and Calponin in the Diagnosis of Myofibroblastic and Smooth Muscle Lesions of Skin and Soft Tissue. Am J Dermatopathol. 2006 Apr;28(2):105-11.

CD20

  1. Chang KL, Arber DA, Weiss LM. CD20: A review. Applied Immunohistochemistry 1996; 4:1-15.
  2. Jaffe ES, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Lyon, IARC Press 2001.
  3. Jilani I, et al. Transient down-modulation of CD20 by rituximab in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2003 Nov; 102(10):3514-20.
  4. Khalidi HS, et al. The immunophenotype of blast transformation of chronic myelogenous leukemia: a high frequency of mixed lineage phenotype in “Lymphoid” blasts and A comparison of morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings. Mod Pathol. 1998 Dec; 12:1211-21.

CD45

  1. Krishna M. Diagnosis of Metastatic Neoplasms. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010; 134:207–215.
  2. Andres TL, Kadin ME. Immunologic Markers in the Differential Diagnosis of Small Round Cell Tumors from Lymphocytic Lymphoma and Leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1983; 79:546-552.
  3. Thunnissen E, Flieder DB, et al. The Use of Immunohistochemistry Improves the Diagnosis of Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Differential Diagnosis. An International Reproducibility Study in a Demanding Set of Cases. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 2017; Vol. 12 No. 2: 334-346. 

CEA

  1. Berretta M, Alessandrini L, et al. Serum and tissue markers in colorectal cancer: State of art. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2017; 111:103–116.
  2. Tiernan JP, Perry SL, et al. Carcinoembryonic antigen is the preferred biomarker for in vivo colorectal cancer targeting. Br J Cancer. 2013 Feb 19; 108 (3):662–667.
  3. Wu K-L, Huang E-Y, et al. Synergistic interaction between galectin-3 and carcinoembryonic antigen promotes colorectal cancer metastasis. Oncotarget. 2017; Vol. 8, No. 37: 61935-61943.

CK5

  1. Moll R, et al. Expression of keratin 5 as a distinctive feature of epithelial and biphasic mesotheliomas. An immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibody. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol. 1989; 58:129-45.
  2. Ordonez NG. What are the current best immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma? A review and update. Human Pathology. 2007; 38:1–16.

CK 7

  1. Montezuma D, et al. A panel of four immunohistochemical markers (CK7, CK20, TTF-1, and p63) allows accurate diagnosis of primary and metastatic lung carcinoma on biopsy specimens. Virchows Arch. 2013 Dec; 463(6):749-54.
  2. Shin JH, et al. CK7, CK20, CDX2 and MUC2 Immunohistochemical staining used to distinguish metastatic colorectal carcinoma involving ovary from primary ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2010 Mar;40(3):208-13.
  3. Lambaudie E, et al. Cytokeratin 7 as a predictive factor for response to concomitant radiochemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: a preliminary study. Anticancer Res. 2014, Jan; 34(1): 177-81.

CK 8/18

  1. Cimpean AM et al. Relevance of the immunohistochemical expression of cytokeratin 8/18 for the diagnosis and classification of breast cancer. Romaniam Journal of Morphology and Embryology. 2008; 49(4):479-483.
  2. Reisenblichler ES et al. The predicative ability of a CK5/p63/CK8/18 antibody cocktail in stratifying breast papillary lesions on needle biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol. 2013; 140:767-779.

CK 19

  1. Jerome Marson V et al. Expression of TTF-1 and cytokeratins in primary and secondary epithelial lung tumours: correlation with histological type and grade. Histopathology. 2004; 45(2): 125-34.
  2. Stroescu C., et al. The diagnostic value of cytokeratins and carcinoembryonic antigen immunostaining in differentiating hepatocellular carcinomas from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas. J Gastrointesin Liver Dis., 2006;(1): 9-14.
  3. Durnez A. et al. The clinicopathological and prognostic relevance of cytokeratin 7 and 19 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. A possible progenitor cell origin. Histopathology. 2006; 49(2)L 138-5
  4. Maki M et al. Expression of cytokeratin 1, 5, 14, 19 and transforming growth factors-beta1, beta2, beta3 in osteofibrous dysplasia and adamantinoma: A possible association of transforming growth factor-beta with basal cell phenotype promotion. Pathol Int. 2000; 50(10): 801-7.

CK 20

  1. Chu PG et al. Immunohistochemical staining in the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary and ampulla of Vater adenocarcinoma: application of CDX2, CK17, MUC1, and MUC2. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005; 29(3): 359-67.
  2. McGregor DK et al. Reduced expression of cytokeratin 20 in colorectal carcinomas with high levels of microsatellite instability. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004; 28(6): 712-8.
  3. Terracciano LM et al. Hepatoid adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis mimicking hepatocellular carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and molecular study of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003; 27(10): 1302-12.

EMA

  1. Nassar H. et al. Pathogenesis of invasive micropapillary carcinoma: role of MUC1 glycoprotein. Mod Pathol. 2004 Sep; 17(9):1045-50.
  2. Acs G, et al. Invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast showing partial reversed cell polarity are associated with lymphatic tumor spread and may represent part of a spectrum of invasive micropapillary carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010 Nov; 34(11):1637-46.
  3. Mino-Kenudson M, et al. Mucin expression in reactive gastropathy: an immunohistochemical analysis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2007 Jan; 131(1):86-90.
  4. Kadin ME, et al. Primary cutaneous ALCL with phosphorylated/activated cytoplasmic ALK and novel phenotype: EMA/MUC1+, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen negative. Am J Surg Pathol. 2008 Sep; 32(9):1421-6.
  5. Kuan SF, et al. Differential expression of mucin genes in mammary and extramammary Paget’s disease. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001 Dec; 25(12):1469 77.

GFAP

  1. Eng LF et al. Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein: GFAP-Thirty-One Years (1969- 2000) Neurochemical Res. 2000, 25(9/10):1439-1451.
  2. Jessen KR et al. Molecular identity, distribution and heterogeneity of glial fibrillary acidic protein: an immunoblotting and immunohistochemical study of Schwann cells, satellite cells, enteric glia and astrocytes. J Neurocytol. 1984 Apr; 13(2):187-200.
  3. Roessmann U et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in ependymal cells during development: an immunocytochemical study. Brain Res. 1980; 200(1):13-21.
  4. O’Callaghan JP and Sriram K. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and related glial proteins as biomarkers of neurotoxity. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005 May; 4(3): 433-442.

Ki67

  1. Goodson WH 3rd, et al. The functional relationship between in vivo bromodeoxyuridine labeling index and Ki67 proliferation index in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1998 May; 49(2): 155-164.
  2. Scholzen T, Gerdes J. The Ki-67 protein: from the known and the unknown [review]. J Cell Physiol. 2000; 182:311-22.
  3. Lohmann CM, et al. Expression of melanocyte differentiation antigens and ki-67 in nodal nevi and comparison of ki-67 expression with metastatic melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2002 Oct; 26(10):1351-7.

Mart-1

  1. Orchard GE. Melan A (Mart-1): a new monoclonal antibody for malignant melanoma diagnosis. Br J Bioed Sci 1998 Mar; 55(1): 9-9
  2. Kageshita T et al. Differential expression of Mart-1 in primary and metastatic melanoma lesions. J Immunother. 1997; 20:460-5
  3. Cheraghi N et al. Melanoma Treated With Mohs Micrographic Surgery Using a Novel-Modified 15-Minute MART-1 Immunostain: Discussion of Technique and Experience. Dermatol Surg 2020;00:1-3

Pan-CK 4Abs

  1. Woodcock-Mitchell J, Eichner R, et al. Immunolocalization of Keratin Polypeptides in Human Epidermis Using Monoclonal Antibodies. The Journal of Cell Biology. November 1982; 95:580-588.
  2. Weiss RA, Eichner R, et al. Monoclonal Antibody Analysis of Keratin Expression in Epidermal Diseases: A 48- and 56-kdalton Keratin as Molecular Markers for Hyperproliferative Keratinocytes. The Journal of Cell Biology. April 1984; 98:1397-1406.
  3. Moll R, Divo M, et al. The human keratins: biology and pathology. Histochem Cell Biol. 2008; 129:705–733.
  4. Ordonez NG. What are the current best immunohistochemical markers for the diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma? A review and update. Human Pathology. 2007; 38:1–16.

Podoplanin

  1. Ugorski M et al. Podoplanin – a small glycoprotein with many faces. Am J. Cancer Res. 2016;6(2):370-386.
  2. Breiteneder-Geleff S et al. Angiosarcomas express mixed endothelial phenotypes of blood and lymphatic capillaries: podoplanin as a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium. Am J Pathol. 1999 Feb; 154(2):385-94.
  3. Astarita JL et al. Podoplanin: emerging functions in development, the immune system, and cancer. Frontiers in Immunology. 2012 Sep; 283(3):1- 11.

SMMS-1

  1. Kalof AN et al. Immunostaining patterns of myoepithelial cells in breast lesions: a comparison of CD10 and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain. J Clin Pathol. 2004; 57: 625-629.
  2. Hill CB, Yeh IT. Myoepithelial cell staining patterns of papillary breast lesions: from intraductal papillomas to invasive papillary carcinomas. AM J Clin Pathol. 2005 123(1) 36-44.

Vimentin

  1. Azumi N, Battifora H. The distribution of vimentin and keratin in epithelial and nonepithelial neoplasms. A comprehensive immunohistochemical study on formalin and alcohol-fixed tumors.Am J Clin Pathol.1987; 88:286-96.
  2. Khoury JD, et al. The utility of epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin in the diagnosis of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.Ann Diagn Pathol.2002; 6(3):154-58.
  3. Hermann H, Aebi U. Intermediate filaments and their associations: multitalented structural elements specifying cytoarchitecture and cytodynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2000; 12:79-90..
  4. Niveditha SR, Bajaj P. Vimentin expression in breast carcinomas. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003; 46(4):579-84..

 

Still have questions?

If you couldn't find what you were looking for and still have questions, don't hesitate to reach out.

Contact Us